<div dir="ltr"><br clear="all"><div>I was gifted a wonderful book while staying in Hospital in London titled 'Design'. I would like to share excepts with you as a group if, by chance, you have yet to read this fantastic little jewel. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Quoted to follow will be particular passages I think may be of particular interest. Other areas of the book as it remains in print can be scanned and pirated from Pirate Bay, hopefully soonish. (As a reminder to haters: 'power of suggestion')</div>
<div><br></div><div>My particular interest in regurgitating this work is to inform the 'history of things' in a way to make the present more pertinent. Historically, for example, and based on the economic defaults inherited, we are due for another War. That should at all costs be avoided. Such is the reason for this short and re-cut history lesson: </div>
<div><br></div><div>(In British English:)</div><div><br></div><div>'</div><div>1870-1920</div><div><br></div><div>And So Say All of Us</div><div>The Arts and Crafts Movement</div><div><br></div><div>'The Arts and Crafts Movement wasn't exactly a design historical 'ism', but it comes close. In real terms it was made up of several committed Morris supporters spreading the gospel of common aims and regional variations in design, and joy in labour (hallelujah). Yes, folks, you too can enjoy folksy, vernacular buildings and authentic Olde Englishe furnishings. Ye half-timbered houses and ye olde bearded men in smocks.'</div>
<div><br></div><div>Some of the most fervent Morrisites even headed for the country with their converts, in an attempt to discover design purity. No wonder Morris disavowed them. 'And' those tediously middle-aged guilds.</div>
<div><br></div><div>So, under 'Arts and Crafts' please file the following: the Century Guild (1882), and its founder A.H. MACKMURDO (1851-1942), who deserves a name-check for his chairs: the Art Worker's Guild (1884); and a big hand, please, for C.R. ASHBEE (1863-1942), who Guild of Handicraft (1888) achieved enormous success with its silverware and jewellery in London's East End, and ended its days in the Oxfordshire countryside in 1908, where the locals were as friendly as Monet's were at Giverny. Not.</div>
<div>'</div><div><br></div><div>'</div><div>1860-1940</div><div><br></div><div>Shocking Developments</div><div>Electricity</div><div><br></div><div>'If the nineteenth century was the age of steam, the twentieth was the age of electricity. Among other new wonders, this made the electric chair a new humane way of disposing of criminals. What had begun as scientific novelty in the early nineteenth century emerged as the new 'clean' energy source of twentieth. Coal and gas didn't disappear in a flash, so to speak, but were gradually replaced by this much more acceptable, mysterious stuff that came down wires.'</div>
<div><br></div><div>Its first dramatic impact was in lighting. Joseph SWAN (1828-1914) had invented the first working lightbulbs with carbon filaments in 1860, and when Edison caught up with him in the 1880s in a blaze of publicity, they settled their patent disputes out of court. Swan's house was the first in Britain to be lit by electricity, shortly followed by the House of Commons in 1884. (Prior to the incadescent bulb there had been public spaces lit by carbon arcs, but these were very harsh and needed constant adjustment.) The sheer convenience of electric lighting made it very popular and desirable. No more lamps to fill, or wicks or mantles to light, just the flick of a switch. Domestic servants had their lives transformed, but they had to be instructed not to throw water over sparking switches. </div>
<div><br></div><div>The more powerful current needed for heating and cooking didn't become available until power stations were upgraded to provide electricity for city trams. The electricity companies encouraged domestic use for cooking and heading, and a bitter advertising war between gas and electricity companies broke out. The Electricity Board of London scored an own goal with the slogan 'Don't kill your wife with work - let electricity do it!' [ROFL!], for although gas was explosive and poisonous, the electric shocks were a new hazard. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Primitive versions of many types of electrical gadget had been designed by 1900, but manufactured in very small quantities as only the wealthy had access to electricity. Early electrical appliances were notoriously unreliable, but as the technology improved and electrical supplies spread, more households could enjoy the luxury of labour-saving devices. The servant shortage following the First World War made these gadgets all the more desirable. </div>
<div>'</div><div><br></div><div>'</div><div>1900-1935</div><div><br></div><div>Idealism, Pragmatism, Communism</div><div>Revolutionary Russia</div><div><br></div><div>'There had been artistic ferment in Tsarist Russia long before the October Revolution of 1917. Although on the outskirts of Europe, Russia had had close cultural ties with points West, particularly Paris, and the wild new ideas of cubism and abstraction had inspired the Russian avant garde.'</div>
<div><br></div><div>Creating a new Soviet state gave designer a golden opportunity to contribute to a new, better, fairer world. However, this led to a classic clash of art vs. functionalism, and a rash of ideas and concepts rarely got beyond the prototype stage. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Painter Kasimir MALEVITCH (1878-1935) pioneered a brand of simplified geometric visions to which he gave the term 'suprematism'. This could also be applied to architecture or to everyday objects. The artist-designer-engineer was looked upon as a savior who would create a comfortable, efficient modern world for the worker state. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Others thought that artists were a bunch of self-indulgent Bohemians, a hangover from the bad old days. What place did art have in this brave new world? The proletariat could design for thier own needs, could they not? It would involve blending the ideals of communism, modernity and technological efficiency. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Construct it Kit</div><div><br></div><div>The new concept that emerged was Constructivism - a design principle that involved inspired use of mass-produced materials combined into new forms. Lego plus imagination plus social purpose. This could be applied to the graphics of El LISSITSKY (1890-1941) or the furniture design of Alexander RODCHENKO (1891-1956)</div>
<div><br></div><div>Unfortunately little of this creativity had any effect on the lives of the workers of the new Soviet state, and the avant garde soon fell into disfavour when Stalin rose to power. Their ideas did travel, however: De Stijl in Holland and the Bauhaus in Germany listened and - sometimes - acted.</div>
<div>'</div><div><br></div><div>'</div><div>2000 and beyond</div><div><br></div><div>Virtually Anything </div><div>A designed future</div><div><br></div><div>'Will designers be needed in the future? Computer programs have written that can generate a series of design possibilities - a development of software designed by William LATHAM (b. 1948) that he used to create fantastic alien biomorphic virtual sculptures in the 1980s when sponsored by IBM. You feed in the basic parameters, and the machine evolves a series of designs. If you don't like the look of something it comes up with, ask it to pour out some more permutations. When you get the result you want, send it to the rapid prototyping machine: hey presto, a new design.'</div>
<div>'</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks to Paul and Julian for their very clever and succinct writing style. </div><div><br></div><div>--</div><div>Hack On.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div>